Bypassing the Limitations of Algorithmic Management via Out-of-App Activities and the Emergence of Opportunistic Agency in the Swedish Gig economy

Abstract

This paper explores the limitations of using algorithmic management on gig platforms in the Swedish basic service sector. We critically examine how the behaviour of all three actors in the triangular relationship between worker, platform and client deviated from the logic of app-based competitive bidding over the allocation of work; each being agential in bypassing the algorithmic management to engage in out-of-app activity. Our findings suggest the utility and limitations of algorithms differ between sectors of the gig economy. Crucially, the paper contributes to debates on gig worker agency by introducing the concept of opportunistic agency in the analysis of worker non-compliance. In focusing on more instrumental motivations for out-of-app activity our analysis offers a critical perspective on the pervasiveness, omnipotence and universality of algorithmic management.