Neutrophils in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium: Implications on Disease Activity and Inflammation State

Abstract

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation driven by immune cell infiltration. While neutrophils have traditionally been associated with acute inflammation, emerging evidence suggests their significant role in chronic RA synovitis. Synovial pathology reports from our center reveal lymphocyte-predominant infiltration in most RA cases, with synovial neutrophils (SNs) observed in only 30% of patients. This finding suggests that neutrophil involvement in RA pathogenesis is not universal but subtype-specific, potentially linked to distinct clinical phenotypes. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of synovial pathology and clinical data from 55 RA patients collected during 2023. Using both Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) staining and single-cell RNA sequencing, we analyzed the synovial tissue samples. Based on neutrophil counts, patients were classified into two groups: neutrophil-absent (< 0.05 for all parameters). Synovial inflammatory infiltration and neovascularization were markedly increased in the SNs group (P < 0.05). Patients with SNs maintained higher disease activity and showed poorer therapeutic responses despite treatment with methotrexate and targeted biologics (TNF inhibitors, IL-6 inhibitors, or JAK inhibitors). Analysis revealed a positive correlation between lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, while multivariate analysis identified DAS28-CRP, synovial inflammation, and CD3+/CD68+ cell counts as predictors of SN infiltration. Single-cell RNA sequencing confirmed their significant presence in synovial tissue, supporting neutrophils’ role in refractory disease. Conclusion: Elevated neutrophil presence in RA synovium correlates with heightened clinical disease activity and an exacerbated inflammatory state. These findings underscore the potential significance of SNs in the pathology of RA.