Cognitive frailty in urban community-dwelling older adults: Associated physical and psychological risk factors

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Frailty and cognitive impairment is an integral part of morbidity in older adults. Their co-occurrence raises concerns and is further conceptualized as cognitive frailty (CF). CF increases the risk of disability, hospitalization, and death. Identification and modification of CF risk factors should reduce the burden. Data on older adults in Indonesia should be explored for better prevention or management measures. The aim of the study was to explore the prevalence of CF and the risk factors in urban older adults in the community. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 128 older adults in the community in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data was collected through interviewing the participants using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire comprised of section on demographics, and various validated scales to assess cognitive frailty, activities of daily living, presence of comorbidities, nutritional status, physical activity, depression, anxiety, and sleep quality. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to predict the associated risk factors of CF. RESULTS: The prevalence estimate of CF was 5.5%. The results revealed that age (odds ratio [OR] 42.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.38–768.224, P=0.011), sex (OR 31.72; 95% CI 1.277–788.046, P=0.035), the activity of daily living (ADL) (OR 30.01; 95% CI 2.09–430.694, P=0.012), and depressive symptoms (OR 23.02; 95% CI 1.813–292.255, P=0.016) were significant correlates of CF. CONCLUSION: Age, sex, ADL, and depressive symptoms were associated with CF among older adults. There should be effective surveillance of CF in the community.