Phenological growth stages of pineapple (Ananas comosus) according to the extended Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie scale

Abstract

Phenological studies are important to understand the influence of climate dynamics on vegetative and reproductive growth of pineapple. In this study, 10 principal stages (0–9) and 48 secondary stages in the entire growth cycle of pineapple were accurately detailed using the extended Biologische Bundesantalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemische Industrie scale. This study focused on the entire flower and fruit development stages of pineapple and presented the correlation between phenophase and temperature. Normative descriptions can facilitate the implementation of production management measures and guidance for scientific experimental design.