From curriculum to engagement: strengthening microbiology education in secondary schools

Abstract

Raising citizens' awareness of the importance of microbiology in everyday life is crucial, especially considering the recent societal challenges such as emerging diseases or antibiotic resistance. Integrating this awareness into secondary education is essential, yet teaching microbiology requires alignment with national curricula. To evaluate how microbiology is incorporated into education, we analyzed and compared the life sciences/biology curricula of Portuguese, Spanish, and French secondary schools. Our findings reveal significant differences in how microorganisms, their functions, and applications are addressed. We highlight aspects of the Spanish and French curricula that could enhance microbiology education in Portugal, as well as challenges in including microbiology into existing curricula. Additionally, we review the state of the art of microbiology education, including ongoing initiatives aimed at supporting both teachers and students. To strengthen student engagement, we