Sediaan Karbon pada Hutan Bekas Terbakar di PT Bumi Andalas Permai, Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

Abstract

We evaluate the consequences of narrow hospital networks in commercial health care markets. We develop a bargaining solution, “­Nash-in-Nash with Threat of Replacement,” that captures insurers’ incentives to exclude, and combine it with California data and estimates from Ho and Lee (2017) to simulate equilibrium outcomes under social, consumer, and ­insurer-optimal networks. Private incentives to exclude generally exceed social incentives, as the insurer benefits from substantially lower negotiated hospital rates. Regulation prohibiting exclusion increases prices and premiums and lowers consumer welfare without significantly affecting social surplus. However, regulation may prevent harm to consumers living close to excluded hospitals. (JEL C78, D85, G22, H75, I11, I13, I18)