Oxidative and Histological Effects of Herbicide Glufosinate-Ammonium and Cyanobacteria Extracted Anatoxin-a on Land Snails Monacha cartusiana

Abstract

Pesticides are widely used in a variety of applications, resulting in significant discharge into the terrestrial environment. Hence, the present study was performed to evaluate the effect of two pesticides (Glufosinate-ammonium and Anatoxin a) on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-KB) activity, and histopathology of the digestive gland of the land snail Monacha cartusiana, which is often employed as a bioindicator of terrestrial pollution. There are no further studies on the effect of Anabaena flos-aquae extract on land snails. The results showed that LCR50R of Glufosinate-ammonium and Anatoxin-a after exposure to land snail Monacha cartusiana for 96 hrs were 66.6 and 5.3 mg LP −1 P, respectively. LCR50 Rvalues reveal the potential activity of Anatoxin-a than Glufosinate-ammonium against the tested snails. Within four days of exposure to glufosinate-ammonium, there were no deaths among treated snails. After the second day of exposure to Anatoxin-a, mortality percentages appeared and gradually rose with increasing concentrations and exposure time. After 28 days of exposure to LCR25R of tested pesticides, AST, ALT, ALP, MDA, CAT, GPX, and GST levels increased while TAC levels were decreased. NF-KB immunopositivity was much more severe in the cells of tested snails treated with Anatoxin-a than Glufosinate-ammonium. Histopathological examination of the digestive gland showed that sublethal concentration of Glufosinate-ammonium produced excessive secretion and vacuolation. Anatoxin-a induced severe cellular damage in digestive tubules. In conclusion, two pesticides caused alterations in oxidative stress, NF-KB activity, and histological nature of M. Cartusiana that confirmed the toxicity of both pesticides for the living species in the terrestrial environment