Microwave, ultrasound, and mechanochemistry: Unconventional tools that are used to obtain “smart” catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation

Abstract

The most recent progress obtained through the precise use of enabling technologies, namely microwave, ultrasound, and mechanochemistry, described in the literature for obtaining improved performance catalysts (and photocatalysts) for CO2 hydrogenation, are reviewed. In particular, the main advantages (and drawbacks) found in using the proposed methodologies will be discussed and compared by focusing on catalyst design and optimization of clean and efficient (green) synthetic processes. The role of microwaves as a possible activation tool used to improve the reaction yield will also be considered.