Demographic, cultural, and health correlates of physical activity and sports participation among adults in Kermanshah province, Iran

Abstract

Background: Physical activity (PA) is vital for health but faces gender disparities, particularly in regions like Iran due to cultural and infrastructural barriers. This study examines gender differences in PA and sports participation among adults in Kermanshah Province, focusing on demographics, cultural barriers, and health-related factors, while comparing findings with recent studies across Iran. Addressing these disparities is essential for promoting equitable access to PA opportunities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 392 participants aged 18–60 years, selected through stratified random sampling in Kermanshah Province. Data were collected using an online questionnaire distributed via social media platforms, which included demographic information and physical activity (PA) levels assessed through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, Pearson’s correlation, and multivariate regression. Results: Significant gender differences were observed in PA levels, with men reporting a mean PA level of 2,850 MET-minutes/week compared with 1,920 MET-minutes/week for women (p = 0.033). A stronger inverse correlation was found between PA and BMI in men (Rs = -0.485) compared to women (Rs = -0.223). Cultural norms, such as restrictive gender roles and limited access to sports facilities, were identified as major barriers to women’s participation. Additionally, demographic factors such as education level, income, marital status, and social support were significantly associated with PA levels across both genders. Conclusions: The findings underscore the need for gender-sensitive strategies to tackle physical activity disparities in Kermanshah Province. Recommendations include: (1) creating women-focused programs, such as women-only facilities and community exercise groups; (2) improving sports infrastructure access for underserved populations, especially women; and (3) integrating PA promotion into public health campaigns targeting disadvantaged groups. Further research should explore contributing factors and evaluate targeted interventions.