Cognitive Science: Bridging the Gap between Machine and Human Intelligence

Abstract

Computational model provides specification of various operations and processes in detail using algorithms (which includes precise and step-wise sequence of instructions). Since computational models study intrinsic and finer details of brain functions, they provide precision as well as clarity. Computational model [4] can be further classified as-Quantitative (working with numerical and precise data), Qualitative (working with non-numerical and relative aspects of information). Different theories are related to computational model (Sun 2005) which are discussed as follows. 2.1.1 Product Theory-Product theories are also known as "black box theories" [4] and they check the accountability of processes based on the output achieved in respect with the input requirements as suggested earlier. Product theory doesn't go into the intrinsic details of processes and mechanisms; instead it is concerned with what input is to be provided to a process and what output (product) is achieved. 2.1.2 Process Theory Process theory [4] tries to relate and understand the complexity and diversity of processes. It is also known as "white box theory". It inspects the inner logic and detail of components of the processes. Each process makes a discrete and random selection of parameters from the available options, depending upon a scenario and performs various computations to achieve a desired result. 2.2 Mathematical Model Mathematical model showcases changing aspects and dynamic state of the system. It represents relationship between entities in the problem domain using mathematical equations. Mathematical model comprises of various theories and components [5] such as algebra, probability, signal & control theory, gaming, graphs etc. 2.2.1 Graph Theory Graph theory, rooted deep into mathematics, is an approach to model relationships between various processes, objects and information blocks in psychological, sociological, biological and informational systems. Graphs are a powerful way to relate complex structures and pieces of information in a pictorial way. Edges of graph show associations and possible paths between entities. 2.2.2 Probability Theory Probability theory makes an important base of all decision making processes. Human brain also makes use of probability to evaluate random and non-deterministic events. Bayes' theorem of probability theory is a significant approach for drawing conclusions using current as well as former interpretations. 2.2.3 Signal Theory Signal theory is applied heavily to biological processes including signals as generated by brain. Signal theory illustrates how two processes exchange their genuine information. According to signal theory, information is coded into signals and sending process decides on which information to send and how. Whereas, receiving process finds a way to interpret the received signal. 2.3 Verbal-Conceptual Model Verbal-Conceptual model provides description of entities, relationship between them and functions operating on their data in natural languages. Verbal-Conceptual model presents abstraction of information. It differentiates the contexts of information from prescribed information and removes any type of biasness (if present) for drawing conclusions. Verbal-Conceptual model requires knowledge of grammar, syntax of language, logical reasoning and inferential processes. Verbal-Conceptual models are generally governed by intuitive theory. 2.3.1 Intuitive Theory Intuitive theory [6] aims to reason about mental state (which includes perceptions, beliefs, desires, insecurities, emotions etc.) of different people and draw significant inferences. Intuitive theory makes use of various skills like elementary prediction, justification and improvisation based on new facts and evidences. According to intuitive theory, any belief can be proved false by a person by providing a valid proof. Human brain uses true beliefs to fulfill the goals and also to overcome risks and insecurities. Another important role of intuitive theories is to elucidate inferences drawn by assuming & suggesting states of unobserved variables, from which inferences follow. It means consistency between prediction and depiction. 3. HUMAN ALIKE INTELLIGENT COMPUTER SYSTEM (HAICS) The objective of all researches done so far in the field of cognitive science is to empower computer systems with human intelligence capabilities which will support and supplement human brain requirement. Such systems can be deployed at places where human existence is not feasible like nuclear reactors, adverse atmospheric conditions, combat situation etc. This paper also endeavors to sketch a framework for designing computer systems with brains. In order to provide learning and thinking abilities to a computer same as that of human brain, various stages of human brain development must be understood. The different stages of brain development are as depicted in figure 3. Basically, human brain also takes a significant time (2-7 years) to upgrade its information base, create knowledge representations, understand language syntax, establish beliefs, construct aspirations, relate happenings, analyze problems, imbibe creativity and develop independent, rational decision making capability.