Comparison of Perovskite Solar Cells with other Photovoltaics Technologies from the Point of View of Life Cycle Assessment

Abstract

A review of the life cycle sustainability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is presented, distinguishing results between simulated laboratory-based and simulated industrial-based PSCs, comparing this technology with the commercial photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Laboratory-based perovskites are seriously affected by the unrealistic energy consumption of the deposition routes. Moreover, other hot spots such as lead and solvent toxicity are much less relevant. A cluster analysis of single-junction PSCs allows us to differentiate two clusters, in one of them, the most numerous, environmental impacts are in a similar range to other thin film PVs. Despite more progress at the industrial scale being needed, the current studies point out the promising results in terms of energy payback time and the environmental impacts at the industrial-scale, that are the lowest compared with commercial PVs, if 1 kWp is used as the functional unit. In addition, PSCs present less supply risk than other photovoltaic technologies. Only cesium, which is dispensable, can present a specific risk. Current production costs could be reduced if barrier foils and transparent conductive oxide coated plastics can be found. However, this cost could be competitive selling into niche markets. In addition, their lightness, flexibility and ease of integration give them very advantageous qualities for social acceptance.