Filipinos in the U.S.: Historical, social, and educational experiences

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to better understand current Filipino American communities and their educational experiences by examining the historical and social context of their immigration to the United States. Filipinos are the second largest Asian American group with a distinct immigration history that has been complicated by centuries of colonization by Spain and later the United States. Based on an adapted model of incorporation and literature review, the article examines government policies, societal reception, co-ethnic communities, as well as other barriers and opportunities, which influenced their acculturation both before and after the Immigration Act of 1965. Government and societal reception of Filipinos have ranged from hostile to mostly neutral positions through four waves of immigration. Earlier Filipino communities were stronger often serving their economic, cultural and social needs, but have become more dispersed over time as Filipinos have become less reliant on their co-ethnic networks. Despite their overall success, there is research showing mixed educational achievement levels across later generations. The Filipino community is steadily growing and more research and support are needed for Filipino American students. Historical contexts can provide a comprehensive lens to understand current educational issues.