Breaking Down Lignin: A Macromolecule's Path to the Nanoscale

Abstract

Lignin, an underutilized by-product of the processing of lignocellulosic biomass, represents a promising opportunity for the development of high-value nanomaterials. Unlike cellulose and hemicellulose, which are widely used in industry, the complex and heterogeneous structure of lignin has hindered its utilization on a large scale. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the transformation of lignin into functional nanomaterials with a wide range of applications. This article explores the latest developments in lignin-based nanomaterials (NanoLGs), which is divided into lignin-based nanomaterials (LBNMs), lignin-derived nanomaterials, and nanohybrid LBNM materials. Each of the mentioned groups has its own attractive features and possible applications that can be competitive with traditional nanomaterials. The main advantages of NanoLGs are sustainability, biocompatibility, tunable functionality, and potential for diverse applications in environmental remediation, energy storage, biomedical devices, and advanced materials. Future research needs to focus on refining synthesis techniques, improving material performance, and integrating sustainability aspects. NanoLGs have the potential to replace fossil-based materials and pave the way for a greener, more sustainable future.