The association between cold exposure and musculoskeletal disorders: a prospective population-based study

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine the association between occupational ambient cold exposure and neck–shoulder pain (NSP), low back pain (LBP), and radiating LBP. Methods: The study cohort comprised of 3,843 working subjects in northern Sweden who answered a baseline (spring 2015) and a follow-up questionnaire (spring 2021). NSP, LBP, and radiating LBP were assessed in both surveys. Occupational cold exposure was assessed at baseline, on a whole number numerical rating scale (NRS) and categorized in quartiles. Binary logistic regression determined the association between cold exposure at baseline and incident NSP, LBP, and radiating LBP, adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, smoking, mental stress, and physical workload. Results: There were statistically significant associations between high occupational ambient cold exposure (NRS 5–7 and NRS 8–10) and NSP (1.59; 95% CI 1.08–2.33 and OR 1.50; 95% CI 1.03–2.19); NRS 8–10 and LBP (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.13–2.29); and NRS 5–7 and radiating LBP (OR 1.87; 95% CI 1.12–3.16). Gender-stratified analyses showed statistically significant associations between high occupational ambient cold exposure (NRS 5–7 and NRS 8–10) and NSP (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.07–3.61 and OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.06–3.67) for men and between NRS 8–10 and LBP (OR 1.82; 95% CI 1.14–2.91) and NRS 5–7 and radiating LBP (OR 2.20; 95% CI 1.15–4.24) for women. Conclusions: Occupational ambient cold exposure was associated with NSP, LBP, and radiating LBP, and should be recognised as a possible occupational risk factor.