A dynamic framework of brain functional patterns shaped by spontaneous thoughts beyond the default mode network

Abstract

Cognitive functions emerge from the dynamic interplay of distributed, large-scale brain networks. Functional connectivity (FC) reflects stable brain organization and general cognitive abilities, while also capturing individual variations in transient cognitive states. Analyzing data from 1,717 participants, we show that rich and diverse spontaneous thought profiles align with distinct patterns of functional network integration. Evocative profiles were linked to the integration of self-awareness, executive, and visual networks; vigilant profile to salience and sensorimotor networks integration; and fluctuating profile to executive networks integration. Conversely, visual and verbal-predominant profiles were associated with the segregation of visual and language networks, respectively. Covering the full spectrum of observed spontaneous thought profiles, these findings reconceptualize the resting-state as a dynamic, distributed pattern of FC, varying across individuals and defined by the intricate balance of functional network integration and segregation, rather than a simple ‘default mode network.’