Risk and hazard communication in the marine oil transportation environment

Abstract

An important element in the prevention of marine oil spills, accidents, and injury, is the effective communication of the risks and hazards present. Risk and hazard communication is typically accomplished through the application of labels, signs, markers, graphics, color codes, and through other warning or alarm devices. The type, size, physical characteristics, content, and placement of risk and hazard communication devices is directly related to the utility, persistence, and effectiveness of the intended message. The precise selection of words, phrases, and characters directly impacts the intelligibility and comprehension of the risk or hazard being identified. Confidence and compliance levels of those to which the message is directed, are also affected by poorly designed, worded, or placed visual and audible signals. Regulations requiring or defining the content of risk communications do not adequately account for these factors. Risk and hazard communications are further complicated by cultural factors. Current trends in vessel construction and manning will only exacerbate these issues. Guidelines have been published for hazard and risk communication devices, equipment, and marine systems. This guidance should be used to evaluate and improve risk and hazard communication however possible. The goal of risk and hazard communication should be to promote or support Situation Awareness, (SA). Education should be conducted in the proper interpretation, application, and maintenance of communication devices.