Ethics in GIS: A Systematic Analysis focusing on Privacy and Surveillance

Abstract

In the field of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), privacy and surveillance have emerged as critical ethical concerns, reflecting the growing tension between technological advancements and the protection of individual rights. This paper presents a review of the literature that investigates the ethical challenges associated with these issues, tracing their evolution and present significance. Drawing from scholarly discourse, we analyse how the capabilities of GIS have raised complex ethical dilemmas related to unauthorized data access, the construction of digital identities, and the increasing risk of pervasive surveillance. Our review reveals that while GIS offers considerable societal benefits, its unchecked potential for surveillance and infringement of privacy demands stronger ethical standards, regulatory frameworks and public awareness. We highlight the need for GIS professionals to adopt proactive measures, such as enhanced data security and informed consent protocols, to mitigate these risks. Furthermore, the study calls for ongoing scholarly inquiry into the ethical stewardship of GIS, emphasizing the importance of balancing innovation with the protection of individual freedoms. This research contributes to the broader dialogue on GIS ethics, advocating for responsible practices that prioritize privacy and limit the scope of surveillance, ultimately safeguarding personal autonomy in the digital age.