Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation using GIS and geostatistics techniques in semiarid region of Neyshabur, Iran

Abstract

Groundwater is a vital source for drinking and agricultural purposes in semiarid region of Neyshabur area (Iran). The present study assessed the groundwater quality and mapped the spatial variation of water samples in terms of suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. A total 402 groundwater samples were collected from the field with global positioning system (GPS) from 2010 to 2013 and analyzed for pH, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), potassium, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids, and total hardness (TH). A GIS-based ordinary kriging method with best fit semivariogram models was used for preparation of thematic maps of groundwater quality parameters. The results were evaluated and compared with WHO (2011) recommended water quality standard. Results showed that 68.40% of SAR, 25% of Mg2+, 32.62% of Na+, and 1.74% of TH of the total groundwater samples are suitable for the irrigation purpose. Consequently, 55.57% of EC, 89.19% of TDS, 0.75% of pH, and 6.25% of K+ of the total groundwater samples are suitable for the drinking purpose as per the WHO standard. The groundwater quality in the study area is very hard and slightly alkaline in nature. The spatial distribution map of groundwater quality showed 80% of the area suitable for drinking purpose; whereas, 90% of the area demarcated for irrigation purpose.