Enabling out-of-body experiences for living organs

Abstract

In a 1937 issue of JEM, Carrel (1937. J. Exp. Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.65.4.515) described a technique for culturing whole living organs outside the body. Here, Ingber reviews how this work led to a series of scientific, engineering, and medical breakthroughs that continue to this day.