From oceans apart to the global ocean: Including marine connectivity in global conservation targets

Abstract

The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) underscores the role of ecological connectivity in delivering societal goals, but the proposed indicators for connectivity originate in terrestrial systems and have not been tested in the ocean. We assess the applicability of the indicators to marine systems and present existing approaches of measuring marine and migratory connectivity. We advocate for a more deliberate inclusion of the marine realm in global frameworks.