Impact of Conflict-Induced Uprooting and Resettlement on Social–Ecological Sustainability: The Case of the Rohingya Population in Bangladesh

Abstract

In the context of the influx of about 1 million displaced Rohingya people from Myanmar into the Cox’s Bazar District of Bangladesh in 2017, it is critical to examine their impacts on the sustainability of the social–ecological system in host Bangladesh. The specific objectives of the study are to assess the nature of intergroup conflicts between the resettled and host communities, the emerging threats posed by resettlement to social–ecological sustainability, and the adaptation and resilience of both communities. A Case Study approach was adopted in the Rohingya resettlement area of Ukhia Upazila of Cox’s Bazar District, Bangladesh. Primary data were collected through Key Informant Interviews, Focus Group Discussions, and oral history conversations. The findings reveal that the average population density in the Rohingya refugee camps is 20 m2 per person, whereas the international guideline for refugee camp population density is 30–45 m2/person. The sudden Rohingya population influx has resulted in considerable land cover change, livelihood competition, and deteriorated security conditions. Between 2015 and 2023, a rapid decline in the extent of dense forest was observed—from 93 sq km to 63 sq km. The sense of land loss among the host community created a resentment towards the resettled Rohingyas that turned into social conflicts and unrest. Despite these damages, socioeconomic evolution, the implementation of adaptive measures, and successful restoration programs by the relevant institutions have revealed some degree of community resilience. An inclusive development planning strategy is recommended to sustain livelihood opportunities for both communities and local social–ecological systems.