What do we need to know to know that animals are conscious of what they know?

Abstract

In this paper I argue for the following six claims: 1) The problem is that some think metacognition and consciousness are dissociable. 2) The solution is not to revive associationist explanations; 3) …nor is the solution to identify metacognition with Carruthers' gatekeeping mechanism. 4) The solution is to define conscious metacognition; 5) …devise an empirical test for it in humans; and 6) …apply it to animals