Prevalence and Social Factors Influencing ADHD and Comorbidities in Bangladeshi Children: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children globally. In Bangladesh, limited research has explored the sociodemographic and economic factors associated with ADHD and its comorbidities, necessitating a focused investigation. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ADHD and its comorbid conditions among children in Bangladesh and identify the social determinants influencing these disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2024, involving 140 children diagnosed with ADHD, recruited from Shishu Bikash Kendra, Dhaka Medical College, Sir Salimullah Medical College, and Mugda Medical College. Data were collected through structured questionnaires focusing on sociodemographic characteristics, parental education, socioeconomic status, and family dynamics. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were employed for data analysis. Results: The findings revealed that 46.4% of the participants had the combined type of ADHD, with notable comorbidities such as anxiety disorder (25%) and learning disabilities (17.9%). A significant association was found between low socioeconomic status and ADHD with comorbidities (p = 0.01). Parental education levels significantly influenced the prevalence of ADHD; 21.4% of children whose fathers had a graduation degree exhibited comorbidities (p = 0.02). Additionally, children from families experiencing conflict had a higher prevalence of ADHD (28.6%, p = 0.005). Conclusion: The study underscores the high prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities among children in Bangladesh, significantly influenced by socioeconomic factors, parental education, and family dynamics. These findings highlight the urgent need for targeted interventions to improve awareness, diagnosis, and management of ADHD in vulnerable populations.