Epidemiology of Candidemia, Candiduria and Emerging Candidozyma (Candida) auris Across Gulf Cooperative Council Countries and Yemen in the Arabian Peninsula

Abstract

Candida infections represent a major component of invasive and non-invasive mycoses globally, including the countries in the Arabian Peninsula. In this review, we present epidemiological features and trends, clinical manifestations, species distribution, antifungal susceptibility, and outcomes available for candidemia and candiduria in six countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Yemen, all located in the Arabian Peninsula. We discuss gaps in knowledge and provide recommendations for improving various aspects for better management of infections by these fungal pathogens. Candida species prevail, with Candida albicans being the most isolated organism, though its prevalence varies over time. The second most frequently isolated species varies from country to country within the region. Generally, invasive infections by non-albicans Candida species are increasing. Candidozyma auris, formerly known as Candida auris, is causing serious health risks in all GCC countries, including those with appropriate diagnostic capacity and awareness.