Tick-Borne Viruses in a Changing Climate: The Expanding Threat in Africa and Beyond

Abstract

Tick-borne viruses (TBVs), notably Orthonairovirus haemorrhagiae (Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, CCHFV), are emerging global health threats intensified by climate change. Rising temperatures and altered precipitation patterns are expanding the habitats of key tick vectors, increasing their survival and reproductive success. The African continent is characterized by many different climatic zones, and climatic shifts have increased or changed CCHFV transmission patterns, becoming greater risk to humans and livestock. Beyond Africa, CCHFV spread in Europe, the Middle East, and Asia and has been facilitated by factors such as livestock movement, deforestation, and migratory birds. Climate-driven shifts in tick seasonality, behavior, and vector competence may further enhance viral transmission. Addressing these challenges requires integrated responses, including enhanced surveillance, predictive modeling, and climate-adaptive vector control strategies. A One Health approach—linking environmental, animal, and human health domains—is essential. Innovative strategies such as anti-tick vaccines and sustainable vector control methods offer promise in reducing the burden of these diseases. Proactive, collaborative efforts at regional and international levels are crucial in tackling this growing public health challenge.