Spatial Mapping of Mitigation Structures and Compensation Analysis to Understand Human–Elephant Conflict in Wayanad, Kerala

Abstract

Objectives: Human-elephant conflict in India, intensified by habitat loss and encroachment, threatens biodiversity. This study assesses conflict patterns and intensity over five years (2018–2023) in Wayanad, Kerala. Methods: Data was collected from forest department compensation records and mitigation structures from January 2018 to November 2023. The mitigation structures established in Wayanad to address human–elephant conflict were systematically mapped through detailed field surveys. Findings: Results indicate a high prevalence of human-elephant conflict in Wayanad, with 9989 reported incidents, primarily involving crop depredation (94.69%), property damage (3.16%), and human injuries and fatalities. South Wayanad Division recorded the highest number of incidents (43.50%). Compensation totaling ₹ 690.012 lakhs was disbursed, predominantly for crop loss. The Kerala Forest Department has implemented various mitigation strategies, including solar fencing, elephant-proof trenches, and rapid response teams, which have contributed to stabilizing conflict incidences. Despite these efforts, underreporting of conflict incidents and delays in compensation persist, indicating a need for improved management strategies. The study underscores the importance of a landscape-level approach to conflict management, integrating early warning systems and media training for accurate reporting. Enhanced habitat restoration, fair compensation mechanisms, and increased employment opportunities for fringe communities are recommended to foster coexistence and reduce conflict. Novelty: Despite several studies conducted in the area, there is a lack of quantitative data on the spatial and temporal patterns of HEC, its ecological drivers, and its broader impacts on biodiversity and habitat quality in Wayanad. This study addresses the existing gap in quantitative data on the spatial and temporal dynamics of Human–Elephant Conflict (HEC) in Wayanad by analyzing compensation records from January 2018 to November 2023. It also examines the spatial distribution of mitigation structures, identifying key locations where elephants frequently breach barriers to access human settlements. Keywords: Wildlife conflict, Wayanad, Property damage, Crop loss, Compensation mechanisms