Bacterial, viral, and fungal infection-related risk of Parkinson's disease: Meta-analysis of cohort and case–control studies

Abstract

Aims: Recent studies showed that patients with various bacterial, viral, and fungal infections might be at increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the risk of PD in patients with each specific infection varied. This meta-analysis estimated the association between various infections and PD risk. Methods: Literature published from January 1965 to October 2019 in PubMed and EMBASE databases was searched. Data were extracted and pooled using random/fixed effects model. Sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also performed to analyze the source of heterogeneity. Publication bias was estimated by the trim and fill. Results: Twenty-three out of 6,609 studies were included. Helicobacter pylori (HP; pooled OR = 1.653, 1.426–1.915, p