Exploring Unique Patterns of Self-Injury Recovery: A Latent Profile Analysis

Abstract

Background: As nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has become an increasing public health concern, the last few years have seen the emergence of efforts to address NSSI recovery. Although many recovery efforts adopt a medical view of self-injury and focus on cessation of the behaviour, recovery can mean many different things to different people. In this study, we provide initial empirical validation of the self-injury recovery framework, by assessing whether different recovery profiles exist. Methods: Our sample comprised 733 participants with lived experience of NSSI (M age = 24.54, sd = 6.39). Participants completed self-report measures of constructs related to NSSI recovery and NSSI characteristics. Results: Using latent profile analysis, we identified six unique profiles reflecting differences in thoughts/urges to self-injure, self-efficacy, social support, optimism, coping, underlying adversities, perceptions of scarring, disclosure, resilience and self-compassion. Multivariate analyses of variance confirmed these profiles differed according to NSSI characteristics such as frequency of NSSI, a self-assessment of recovery, the desire to self-injure or avoid self-injury and the number of people disclosed to. Limitations: A homogenous sample and cross-sectional design limit generalisability of our findings across populations and across time. Conclusions: Our findings reinforce that recovery can take many different forms, with different factors being relevant to different individuals. Adopting a person-centred approach that centres an individual's lived experience and emphasises what is important to them in the recovery process offers opportunities for more empathic responses to self-injury and better outcomes for individuals who self-injure.