Overdose Toxicological Effect of Methanol Extract of Popular Edible Colocasia esculenta Linn. Flowers: Biochemical, Hematological, and Behavioral Study on Swiss Albino Mice

Abstract

Colocasia esculenta Linn., an annual herbaceous plant from the Araceae family, has long been utilized in traditional medicine throughout tropical and subtropical regions for the treatment of diverse health conditions. This research explored the impact of the methanolic extract derived from C. esculenta flowers (CEF-ME) on mice, examining various physiological, biochemical, hematological, and behavioral responses. Behavioral assessments for anxiolytic activity included the Elevated Plus Maze, Hole-Board Test, and Light–Dark Box Test. Sedative properties were evaluated using the Open-Field Test and Hole-Cross Test, while potential antidepressant effects were analyzed via the Tail-Suspension Test and Forced-Swimming Test. The administration of CEF-ME led to observable changes in organ-to-body weight ratios, most notably a significant increase in liver size, which may indicate an upregulation of metabolic or detoxification functions. Biochemical tests revealed a hepatoprotective trend, characterized by decreased levels of ALT, ALP, bilirubin, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Yet, elevations in AST and creatinine at higher doses suggested potential hepatic and renal strain. Hematological profiles showed enhanced immune activity and red blood cell production, though the drop in platelet counts raised concern for thrombocytopenia. Behavioral evaluations revealed the extract's anxiolytic, sedative, and antidepressant properties, with effects comparable to diazepam and fluoxetine. The therapeutic potential of CEF-ME was evident; however, its administration at high doses triggered toxicity concerns, particularly impacting the hepatic and renal systems. These observations highlight a pressing need for further studies to investigate its prolonged safety, pharmacological mechanisms, and optimal therapeutic range.