The mismeasurement of quality by readmission rate: How blunt is too blunt an instrument?: A quantitative bias analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The rate of readmission is widely used as a measure of hospital quality of care, often with funding implications for outlying facilities. OBJECTIVES: This study explored the plausibility of readmission as a proxy for health care quality with quantitative bias analysis and the application of a structural Directed Acyclic Graph framework. It applies this paradigm to observed ethnic differences in the odds of readmission in a sample of New Zealand hospital patients. RESEARCH DESIGN: Ethnicity was defined as the exposure, readmission rate as the proxy outcome, and quality of care as a missing mediator. Using data from 89,090 surgical patients from New Zealand, and estimates from the literature of the prevalence of "poor quality" and the strength of the quality-of-care readmission association, a series of sensitivity analyses were performed to calculate an odds ratio of the ethnicity-readmission association corrected for the missing mediator "quality." RESULTS: Given the assumptions applied, potentially only 29% of the excess odds of readmission for Māori compared with Europeans were due to poor quality of care. CONCLUSIONS: This investigation finds substantial error when using readmission as a marker of quality, and suggests that differences in readmission between populations are more likely to be due to factors other than quality of care. Copyright © 2012 by Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.