c-Abl has high intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity that is stimulated by mutation of the Src homology 3 domain and by autophosphorylation at two distinct regulatory tyrosines

Abstract

Using the specific Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI 571, we purified unphosphorylated routine type IV c-Abl and measured the kinetic parameters of c-Abl tyrosine kinase activity in a solution with a peptide-based assay. Unphosphorylated c-Abl exhibited substantial peptide kinase activity with K(m) of 204 μM and V(max) of 33 pmol min-1. Contrary to previous observations using immune complex kinase assays, we found that a transforming c-Abl mutant with a Src homology 3 domain point muration (P131L) had significantly (about 6-fold) higher intrinsic kinase activity than wild-type c-Abl (K(m) = 91 μM, V(max) = 112 pmol min-1). Autophosphorylation stimulated the activity of wild-type c-Abl about 18-fold and c-Abl P131L about 3.6-fold, resulting in highly active kinases with similar catalytic rates. The autophosphorylation rate was dependent on Abl protein concentration consistent with an intermolecular reaction. A tyrosine to phenylalanine mutation (Y412F) at the c-Abl residue homologous to the c-Src catalytic domain autophosphorylation site impaired the activation of wild-type c-Abl by 90% but reduced activation of c-Abl P131L by only 45%. Mutation of a tyrosine (Tyr-245) in the linker region between the Src homology 2 and catalytic domains that is conserved among the Abl family inhibited the autophosphorylation-induced activation of wild-type c-Abl by 50%, whereas the c-Abl Y245F/Y412F double mutant was minimally activated by autophosphorylation. These results support a model where c-Abl is inhibited in part through an intramolecular Src homology 3-linker interaction and stimulated to full catalyric activity by sequential phosphorylation at Tyr-412 and Tyr-245.