Institutional Dynamics and Stakeholder Roles in Sustainable Marine Tourism Development: A Case Study of Labuan Bajo, Indonesia

Abstract

Tourism development has been a national priority in Indonesia under the National Tourism Development Master Plan 2010–2025, with Labuan Bajo designated as one of the “New Bali” destinations due to its rich marine biodiversity and strategic tourism potential. As the gateway to Komodo National Park, the region faces the challenge of balancing marine-based economic growth with conservation objectives and multi-stakeholder interests. This study examines the key driving factors and stakeholder dynamics influencing the sustainable development of Labuan Bajo’s marine tourism economy. A mixed-methods approach was applied, integrating qualitative data from Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) conducted using the World Café method with quantitative analysis using the Matrix of Cross Impact Multiplications Applied to a Classification (MICMAC) and the Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations (MACTOR). The MICMAC analysis identified participation, infrastructure, regulation, human resource development, and education and training as the main driving variables. Governance and conflict functioned as relay variables, while coordination and information and communication technology were classified as output variables. Welfare, income generation, and economic disparity emerged as autonomous variables, with infrastructure and participation exerting strong indirect effects on income generation. The MACTOR results indicate that business actors, local communities, academics, and government agencies possess high influence and dependence, highlighting their central role in shaping development outcomes. Conversely, NGOs and media display high dependence but limited influence, while national ministries play a relatively peripheral role. Although stakeholders generally agree on priorities such as income generation, employment creation, and local revenue enhancement, differing views remain regarding infrastructure expansion and regulatory compliance. These findings emphasize the need for collaborative governance to align economic, social, and conservation objectives in Labuan Bajo.