A guide to clinical safety

Abstract

Multiple issues affecting the prudent use of diagnostic sonography in the clinical environment are discussed. Topics include an analysis of the concept of benefits versus risks, clinical efficacy in obstetrics, minimum threshold for thermal effects, Output Display Standard, mechanical index, thermal index, user responsibility, and ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable). Thermal and mechanical acoustic output indices offer a uniform approach to control ultrasonic exposure of patients and to provide assurance of safety.