Risk‐taking patterns of children, associated cognitive weaknesses, and prevention of negative outcomes

Abstract

Objective: Accidents, drug use, and unsafe sex associated with greater propensity for risk‐taking are leading causes of illness and death among adolescents. This study aimed to help identify and further characterize children with maladaptive risk‐taking to improve primary prevention interventions. Methods: Two scores from the Bubblegum Analog Risk‐ Taking Task for Children (BART‐C), total points and average inflations of unpopped bubbles, were used in a cluster analysis to identify distinct patterns of risk‐taking among 6,267 kindergarten through eighth‐grade children. Clusters were compared with the Flanker Test of Focused Attention, the Go/No‐Go test of inhibition, and the List Sorting Working Memory Test. Results: Both BART‐C scores made significant (p<0.001) contributions in defining three clusters of children: reck-less, risk avoidant, and adaptive risk‐taking. Clusters dif-fered significantly on Flanker Test measures of incongruent accuracy (p=0.004) and reaction time (p<0.001), Go/ No‐Go inhibition (p=0.001), and List Sorting Working Memory Test scores (p<0.001). The reckless cluster had lower Flanker accuracy and Go/No‐Go inhibition than did the other groups and lower working memory than the adaptive risk‐taking group. Compared with adaptive risk-takers, the risk‐avoidant group was slower (p<0.001), showed a nonsignificant trend toward greater accuracy on the Flanker test, and had lower working memory scores (p<0.001). Conclusions: The BART‐C defined two maladaptive risk-taking clusters: reckless and risk avoidant. Significant differences in cognitive function between these groups and the adaptive risk‐taking group provides external validation of and further characterizes the clusters. Early intervention may prevent future health‐compromising behaviors among reckless children and may promote fuller learning and development among risk‐avoidant children.