68Ga-NK224 PET/CT for Noninvasive Evaluation of PD-L1 Expression and Intertumor Heterogeneity: A Translational Exploratory Study

Abstract

Purpose: This study developed68Ga-NK224, a novel peptide-based radiotracer targeting human PD-L1, to evaluate the feasibility of68Ga-NK224 PET/CT for assessing PDL1 expression and tumor heterogeneity in a prospective investigator-initiated trial. Experimental Design: In preclinical studies, NK224 was labeled with68Ga. Small-animal PET, biodistribution, and blocking studies were performed using tumor models with varying PD-L1 expression levels to assess the targeting ability and specificity of68Ga-NK224 in vivo. Serial68Ga-NK224 PET assessed target occupancy following PD-L1 antibody administration. In the clinical study, 37 patients with non–small cell lung cancer who underwent68Ga-NK224 PET/CT were prospectively recruited, with PD-L1 expression assessed via IHC and analyzed for correlation with68Ga-NK224 uptake. Results: Preclinical studies demonstrated that68Ga-NK224 exhibited high tumor uptake and rapid clearance, producing favorable tumor-to-background contrast. In human CD34+ humanized mice, immunotherapy guided by68Ga-NK224 PET/CT (once weekly) yielded similar antitumor effects as conventional dosing (three times weekly). Clinically,68Ga-NK224 PET/CT was well tolerated, with no adverse events reported. Among the 31 patients who underwent paired68Ga-NK224 and 2[18F]fluoro-2deoxy-D-glucose PET/CT, the tumor uptake of68Ga-NK224 significantly correlated with PD-L1 expression, whereas no correlation was found with 2[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose PET/CT. Additionally,68Ga-NK224 demonstrated high heterogeneity across intrapatient lesions, with a median maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) coefficient of variation of 27.5% (range, 5.7%–53.2%). Conclusions:68Ga-NK224 provides a straightforward radiolabeling approach with high tumor-to-background contrast, enabling an accurate assessment of PD-L1 expression and visualization of heterogeneity across intrapatient lesions. Its ability to dynamically monitor PD-L1 occupancy in tumors offers a novel method for optimizing immunotherapy dosing regimens.