Microemulsion polymerization of styrene

Abstract

Initiation of polymerization in styrene oil‐in‐water microemulsions by water‐soluble potassium persulfate of oil‐soluble 2,2′‐azobis‐(2‐methyl butyronitrile) at 70°C gave stable latexes which were bluish and less translucent than the original microemulsions. The effects of initiator concentration, polymerization temperature, and monomer concentration on the kinetics, particle size distributions, and molecular weight distributions were investigated. The kinetics of polymerization were measured by dilatometry. In all cases, the polymerization rate shows only two intervals, which increased to a maximum and then decreased. There was no apparent constant rate period and no gel effect. A longer nucleation period was found for polymerizations initiated by potassium persulfate as compared to 2,2′‐azobis‐(2‐methyl butyronitrile). The small latex particle size (20–30 nm) and high polymer molecular weight (1–2 × 106) implies that each latex particle consists of two or three polystyrene molecules. The maximum polymerization rate and number of particles varied with the 0.47 and 0.40 powers of potassium persulfate concentration, and the 0.39 and 0.38 powers of 2,2′‐azobis‐(2‐methyl butyronitrile) concentration, respectively. This is consistent with the 0.4 power predicted by Smith–Ewart Case 2 kinetics. Microemulsion polymerizations of styrene–toluene mixtures at the same oil‐water phase ratio gave lower polymerization rates and lower molecular weights, but the same latex particle size as with styrene alone. A mechanism is proposed, which comprised initiation and polymerization in the microemulsion droplets, by comparing the kinetics of microemulsion polymerization with conventional emulsion and miniemulsion polymerization systems. Copyright © 1989 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.