Discovery of Novel Dimeric Pyridinium Bromide Analogues Inhibits Cancer Cell Growth by Activating Caspases and Downregulating Bcl-2 Protein

Abstract

Flexible dimeric substituted pyridinium bromides with primary and tertiary amines are prepared by conventional and solvent-free methods. The formation of compounds 2 and 4 is much easier than that of compounds 1 and 3 because of the benzyl carbon which is more electropositive than the primary alkyl carbon. The newly synthesized dimeric pyridinium compounds are optimized using DFT and B3LYP 6-31 g(d,p). The in vitro antiproliferative activity is studied in lung (A549) and breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB 231). Among the four compounds, 1,1′-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 showed potent anticancer activity when compared to the standard drug 5-fluorouracil. 1,1′-(1,3-Phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 is not toxic to normal cell lines 3T3-L1 and MRC-5 cell lines. Also, 1,1′-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4-induced apoptosis in cancer cell lines is examined using AO/EB and Hoechst staining, which is further supported by cell cycle analysis. Western blot analysis showed that 1,1′-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 induces apoptosis through the extrinsic apoptotic pathway by upregulating caspase 3 and caspase 9. This compound also downregulates intrinsic apoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2, Bcl-x, and Bad. From the present study results, it is confirmed that 1,1′-(1,3-phenylene bis(methylene)bis 2-aminopyridinium bromide 4 has potent anticancer activity when compared to other compounds.