The effects of greater frequency of two most prevalent bothersome acute respiratory symptoms on health-related quality of life in the 2020 US general population

Abstract

Purpose: Upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) and related symptoms are widespread and a common reason for visiting primary care with cough and sore throat being most prevalent. Despite their impact on daily activities, no studies have explored the impact on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in representative general populations. We aimed to understand the short-term impact of the two most prevalent URTI symptoms on HRQOL. Methods: Online 2020 surveys including acute (≤ 4 weeks) respiratory symptoms (sore throat and cough) and SF-36® health survey (all with 4-week recall) were analysed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in comparison with adult US population norms. Linear T-score transformation of SF-6D utility (ranging from 0 to 1) enabled direct comparisons with SF-36. Results: In total, 7563 US adults responded (average age: 52 years; range: 18–100 years). Sore throat and cough lasting at least several days were experienced by 14% and 22% participants, respectively. Chronic respiratory conditions were reported by 22% of the sample. A clear and consistent pattern of group HRQOL means declining significantly (p < 0.001) for acute cough and sore throat symptom presence and severity. Declines were observed on SF-36 physical (PCS) and mental component (MCS) and health utility (SF-6D) scores controlling for covariates. Those reporting respiratory symptoms ‘most days’ declined ≥ 0.5 standard deviation (minimal important difference [MID]) worse with averages at the 19th and 34th centiles for cough on the PCS and MCS, and 21st to 26th centile for sore throat. Conclusion: Declines in HRQOL with acute cough and sore throat symptoms consistently exceeded MID standards and should not be ignored as self-limiting without intervention. Future studies on early self-care for symptom relief and its implications on HRQOL and health economics would be valuable to understand the benefits on healthcare burden and need for updating treatment guidelines.