Measuring the Complexity of a Physiological Time Series: a Review

Abstract

Research background and hypothesis. Complex Systems Theory indeed is a solid basis for a scientific approach in the analysis of living, learning, and evolving systems. A number of different entropy estimators have been applied to physiological time series attempting to quantify its complexity. Research aim. The aim of the paper is to review most popular complexity estimators (entropies) applied in biological, medical, sport and exercise sciences and their performances.Research results. Various measures of complexity were developed by scientists to compare time series and distinguish regular  (e.  g.  periodic),  chaotic, and random behavior. In this paper a brief review of most popular complexity  estimators  –  Sample  Entropy,  Control  Entropy,  Spectral  Entropy,  Wavelet  Entropy,  Singular-Value Decomposition Entropy, Permutation Entropy, Base-Scale Entropy, Entropy based on Lempel-Ziv algorithm – and their performances is presented. In biological applications they are used to distinguish peculiarities in behavior of biological systems or may serve as non-invasive, objective means of determining physiological changes under steady or non-steady state conditions.Discussion and conclusions. The choice of a particular entropy estimator is determined by the goal type, the capability  of  estimators  in  characterizing  the  constraints  on  a  physiological  time  series,  its  robustness  to  noise considering  the  above-mentioned  advantages  and  disadvantages  of  particular  algorithms.  It  is  difficult  to  apply analytical solutions in the analysis of behavior of living, learning, and evolving systems and new approaches and solutions remain on the agenda.Keywords: physiological time series, complexity, entropy.