FOXES: Farm Optimization and eXtended yield Evaluation Software

Abstract

The Farm Evaluation and eXtended yield Evaluation Software (foxes) is a Python package that calculates wind farm results such as power production or wind turbine wake effects. The meteorological input data can be a timeseries or statistical data like wind speed histograms, wind roses or any other distribution. Uniform inflow fields are supported as well as horizontal profiles and three dimensional flow fields from other sources, for example wind fields from mesoscale weather models or wind atlases (Dörenkämper et al., 2020). Typical applications are wind farm optimization (e.g., layout optimization or wake steering), wind farm pre-and post-construction analyses; wake model studies, comparison and validation; and wind farm simulations invoking complex model interactions. Statement of need The amount of electrical energy that wind farms are able to extract from the kinetic energy of the wind naturally depends on the meteorological conditions at the site. In particular, wind speed and wind direction are decisive quantities, and in general those are time and space dependent fields. Furthermore, for each wind turbine, its location within the wind farm plays an important role, since wake effects stemming from upstream turbines reduce the wind speed and increase turbulence at the rotor. Additionally, the rotor height, its size as well as specifics related to the wind turbine model are crucial parameters. When it comes to wind farm production analysis, the fast evaluation of the annual energy production for long-term time series of meteorological conditions is required, and such data often contains many ten thousand entries. In addition, wake effects from neighbouring wind farms and wind farm clusters need to be considered, such that realistic offshore scenarios can include as many as thousands of wind turbines. Hence scalability is an issue of central importance for modern numerical wind farm and wake modelling approaches. foxes is built upon the idea of fast vectorized evaluation of the input states, making use of the dask package (Dask Development Team, 2016) via the xarray package (Hoyer & Hamman, 2017). This means that in general, it does not solve differential equations that interconnect the states, but rather relies either on analytical models or on lookup-table based models. Exceptions are the included features of calculations along streamlines of the background flow and integrations of variables along the latter for some models. foxes was designed to be very modular when it comes to modelling aspects of wind farm calculations. Users can combine various model types and easily add new models, such that a realistic representation of the wind farm's behaviour can be achieved. Such models include, among others, rotor discretization models, wake models and turbine models such as wind Schmidt et al. (2023). FOXES: Farm Optimization and eXtended yield Evaluation Software. Journal of Open Source Software, 8(86), 5464. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.05464.