On the rainfall intensity–duration–frequency curves, partial-area effect and the rational method: Theory and the engineering practice

Abstract

This research evaluates the partial-area effect and its relationship with the rainfall intensity–duration–frequency (IDF) equations. In the Rational Method, if the critical rainfall duration is shorter than the time of concentration, the partial-area effect occurs. We proved that the partial area could exist for the general ID equation i = a/(b + td)c, only when c > 1. For these equations, in the application of the Rational Method, the maximum discharge at basin outlet occurs for rainfall duration (td) equal to b/(c−1). Nevertheless, for that case, the Depth Duration Frequency (DDF) has a maximum at that rainfall duration. These situations are present in engineering practice and will be discussed in this paper. Research was done to look for IDF equations with c > 1 in hydrologic engineering practice. It found 640 inconsistent IDF equations (c > 1) in four countries (Brazil, Mexico, India, and USA), which means that a fundamental principle for building consistent IDF equations (i.e., c > 1), published in the scientific literature since 1998, did not reach the hydrologic engineering practice fully. We provided some analysis regarding this gap between theory and engineering practice.