The immunological, biochemical and molecular bases of canine senescence and carcinogenesis: A review

Abstract

Senescence is a complex set of processes involving several biochemical, molecular and metabolomic changes, including also many disturbances in the immunological system. There are many factors, described as intrinsic and extrinsic (environmental), that may lead to advanced body senescence. In this review, several of the biochemical as well as molecular factors involved in senescence are described. The importance of immunological deficiencies as well as changes in the immunological response after induction of senescence is also highlighted. Furthermore, the molecular basis of canine carcinogenesis in relation to interleukin expression and activation as well as the role of CD leukocyte common antigen in the identification of cancer development and progression, are also described.