Iron-Based Sulfate for Sodium-Ion Batteries: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are crucial energy equipment that sustain low cost and better environmental benefit. Nevertheless, the practical energy density of SIBs is limited by cathode material. Over last decades, the iron-based sulfate (IBS) has been extensively studied owing to its numerous advantages, including a large theoretical specific energy (over 100 Wh kg−1), high working potential (above 3.4 V), low cost, good structural stability, and environmental friendliness. Nevertheless, the application of IBS in SIBs is limited by its unsuitable electrolyte and low electronic/ionic conductivity. This review summarizes recently developed results on IBS materials for SIBs, ranging from the phase diagram–composition structure–electrochemical performance to modification research. A generalized summary of the future prospects of IBS-based materials is also provided, with the hope of inspiring further advances in their application in SIBs.