Eisenmenger syndrome - An electrocardiographic and echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Eisenmenger syndrome represents severe, irreversible, and end-stage pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) associated with congenital heart defects. For long-term outcome optimal right ventricular (RV) adaptation is crucial with precise assessment of its hypertrophy, dilatation and function. Objectives: Associations of electrocardiographic (ECG) and echocardiographic (ECHO) RV characteristics were analyzed. METHODS: Included were 52 patients (39F/13M), median age 45 years (24-78). Following ECG parameters were analyzed: Butler-Leggett formula (B-L), Sokolow-Lyon criterion (S-L), QRS duration (QRS), maximum spatial QRS vector magnitude (QRS max); and ECHO parameters: RV diameter (RVd), RV wall thickness (RVAW), RV/LV function. RESULTS: Following significant ECG-ECHO associations were demonstrated: S-L criterion and B-L formula with RVAW (p < 0.0001); QRS with RVd (p = 0.0012) and QRS max inversely with RVd (p = 0.04); QRS > 120 ms only with severely dilated RV (RVd > 45 mm), while QRS max < 14 mm already with mild RV dilatation (RVd > 33 mm); A new combined scoring system was introduced. CONCLUSIONS: In Eisenmenger syndrome RV hypertrophy is compensatory; diagnosis of prognostically unfavorable RV dilatation is therefore important. Combined ECG-ECHO analysis enables more accurate risk stratification. QRS duration > 120 ms seems to be a late marker; QRS max together with ECHO parameters may help to distinguish patients at higher risk for clinical deterioration.