Daily departure and return patterns of wolves, canis lupus, from a den at 80°N latitude

Abstract

We report on daily patterns of Wolf (Canis lupus) departures from, and returns to, their den on Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada (80°N) during summers between 1988 and 1996. Based on 1759 h of observation, the Wolves departed more often than random during 2200 to 0400 h. There was no darkness during summer, so any sun-based temporal cues must have come from sun position.