Orthopaedic manifestations of swimming

Abstract

The authors conclude that swimmer's shoulder is a result of repetitive arm motion in the position of abduction, forward flexion, and internal rotation. This produces impingement in the vulnerable avascular region of the supraspinatus and biceps tendons. Local treatment includes ice, ultrasound, isokinetic strengthening activities, and transcutaneous stimulation. Oral anti-inflammatory medication may be helpful in the short term. Surgical relief measures include coraco-acromial ligament division and anterior acromioplasty. The apprehension shoulder in swimming is produced by subluxation of the shoulder anteriorly and may be relieved by a change in the style of the turn as well as surgical intervention, buttressing the anterior capsule of the shoulder. Breast stroker's knee is a result of inflammation of the tibial collateral ligament which is stressed by the knee going from flexion to extension with a valgus stress and external rotation. Local remedies include ice, ultrasound, and rest. Inflammation of the extensor tendons along the dorsum of the foot is common in the flutter and backstroke kick, and is relieved by local measures and perhaps the judicious use of steroid injection.