Recent Trends in Biosensors for Quinolone Detection: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Quinolones represent a vast family of antibiotics used extensively around the globe in human and veterinary medicine. Over the past decade, the field of biosensors for quinolone detection has experienced significant growth, thanks to the advancements in nanotechnology. These biosensors have emerged as a promising tool for fast and accurate point-of-care detection of quinolones. Although research efforts have proven that it is possible to detect quinolones in complex matrices and in relevant concentration ranges, the complexity of the sensor functionalization and the risk of limited reproducibility has hindered the transfer to real-life applications. This review holistically summarizes existing electrochemical quinolone sensors in comparison to optical and piezoelectric sensors and discusses the challenges that remain to be solved.