Comparative genomics of endemic Staphylococcus aureus ST1 in New Zealand

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive genomic analysis of S. aureus ST1, a lineage that is unusually dominant in both bovine and human populations in New Zealand. Leveraging New Zealand’s geographical isolation, we provide critical insights into the persistence, diversification, and adaptation of S. aureus , offering valuable knowledge to advance disease prevention in both public and veterinary health and strengthening global biosecurity. The development of the first bovine ST1 reference genome serves as a valuable resource for future research, while the identification of a novel prophage (φSabovST1) carrying bovine-specific leukocidins underscores the role of mobile genetic elements in host specificity and virulence. Human isolates exhibited a higher prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes. Phylogenetic analysis further revealed two main circulating clades of ST1 with interspersed host origins, highlighting the critical need for integrated One Health approaches to more effectively monitor and manage zoonotic pathogens across agricultural and public health systems.