Students’ resilience and school efficiency in one of the most unequal countries in the world: empirical evidence from Colombia

Abstract

This article analyzes students’ resilience in 7,789 schools in the Colombian educational system and its relationship with educational efficiency between 2014 and 2019. The empirical analysis is carried out in two stages. First, a multilevel model with random intercept and slope is estimated to determine the students categorized as resilient. Then conditional order-m models are used to calculate the efficiency. The results indicate a negative relationship between thenumber of resilient students and schools’ inefficiency of up to 33% in public schools and 12% in private schools.