TGF–β3 loaded electrospun polycaprolacton fibre scaffolds for rotator cuff tear repair: An in vivo study in rats

Abstract

Biological factors such as TGF–β3 are possible supporters of the healing process in chronic rotator cuff tears. In the present study, electrospun chitosan coated polycaprolacton (CS–g– PCL) fibre scaffolds were loaded with TGF–β3 and their effect on tendon healing was compared biomechanically and histologically to unloaded fibre scaffolds in a chronic tendon defect rat model. The biomechanical analysis revealed that tendon–bone constructs with unloaded scaffolds had significantly lower values for maximum force compared to native tendons. Tendon‐bone constructs with TGF–β3‐loaded fibre scaffolds showed only slightly lower values. In histological evaluation minor differences could be observed. Both groups showed advanced fibre scaffold degradation driven partly by foreign body giant cell accumulation and high cellular numbers in the reconstructed area. Normal levels of neutrophils indicate that present mast cells mediated rather phagocytosis than inflammation. Fibrosis as sign of foreign body encapsulation and scar formation was only minorly present. In conclusion, TGF–β3‐loading of electrospun PCL fibre scaffolds resulted in more robust constructs without causing significant advantages on a cellular level. A deeper investigation with special focus on macrophages and foreign body giant cells interactions is one of the major foci in further investigations.